About all 𝙄𝙉𝘿𝙄𝘼 and 𝙋𝘼𝙆𝙄𝙎𝙏𝘼𝙉 wars till now

 There have been several wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan since their independence in 1947. Here are the major ones:

1. Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948:

 * Cause: Pakistan's apprehension over the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir acceding to India led to an invasion by tribal militias and Pakistani forces.

 * Key Events: The Maharaja appealed to India for help, leading to India's military intervention after he signed the Instrument of Accession. Indian troops were airlifted to Srinagar. The war involved intense fighting, and the United Nations eventually mediated a ceasefire.

 * Outcome: India retained control over approximately two-thirds of Kashmir, which became Jammu and Kashmir (later reorganized into the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh). Pakistan controlled the remaining territory, known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

2. Indo-Pakistani War of 1965:

 * Cause: Pakistan launched "Operation Gibraltar," an attempt to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to incite an insurgency against Indian rule.

 * Key Events: India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan. The war saw major tank battles and air combat. International pressure, including a UN Security Council resolution, led to a ceasefire.

 * Outcome: The war ended in a stalemate. Both sides suffered significant casualties and claimed victory. The Tashkent Declaration was signed in January 1966, leading to the withdrawal of forces to pre-war positions.

3. Indo-Pakistani War of 1971:

 * Cause: The war was triggered by the political crisis in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), where the Pakistani military brutally suppressed the Bengali nationalist movement. This led to a massive influx of refugees into India.

 * Key Events: India supported the Mukti Bahini (Bengali liberation forces). Pakistan launched preemptive air strikes on Indian air bases on December 3, 1971, leading to India's full-scale entry into the war. The Indian military achieved swift victories in East Pakistan.

 * Outcome: Pakistan's Eastern Command surrendered in Dhaka on December 16, 1971, leading to the creation of independent Bangladesh. India also gained some territory in the western sector, which was mostly returned under the Simla Agreement in 1972. Approximately 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoner.

4. Kargil War (1999):

 * Cause: Pakistani soldiers and militants infiltrated across the Line of Control (LoC) and occupied strategic high-altitude positions in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir.

 * Key Events: India launched "Operation Vijay" to evict the intruders. Intense fighting occurred in difficult terrain. The Indian Air Force played a crucial role. International diplomatic pressure led to Pakistan's withdrawal.

 * Outcome: India successfully pushed back the Pakistani intruders. The war highlighted the continued tensions over Kashmir and the dangers of cross-border incursions.

Ongoing Issues:

 * The core issue of the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir remains unresolved and continues to be a major source of tension.

 * Cross-border terrorism and infiltration attempts from Pakistan into India persist.

 * Both nations are nuclear powers, adding a dangerous dimension to any potential conflict.

 * Recent events, such as the militant attack in Pahalgam in April 2025, have led to increased tensions and exchanges of fire across the Line of Control.

These wars and the continuing disputes have significantly shaped the relationship between India and Pakistan, marked by periods of intense conflict and uneasy peace. Diplomatic efforts to resolve the underlying issues have had limited success.